Rega Detapratiwi
2201409057
405-406
Code Switching
A.
Definition
1.
Code switching is defined as the practice of
selecting or altering linguistic elements so as to contextualize talk in
interaction. (Chad Nilep)
2.
Code-switching is perhaps not a linguistic phenomenon, but
rather a psychological one and its causes are obviously extra linguistic, but
bilingualism is of great interest to the linguist because it is the condition
of what has been called interference between languages. [Vogt 1954:368]
3.
Code-switching (CS) 5 is but one of a number of the
linguistic manifestations of language contact and mixing, which variously
include borrowing on the lexical and syntactic levels, language transfer,
linguistic convergence, interference, language attrition, language death,
pidginization and creolization, among others. (Shana Poplack: 2004)
4.
Code-switching is the alternation between two codes (languages and/or
dialects), between people who share those particular codes. Choices about how
code-switching manifests itself are determined by a number of social and
linguistic factors.
B.
Types
Code-switching
can be either intersentential or intrasentential. In intersentential
code-switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is
seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. In intrasentential
code-switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no
interruptions, hesitations, or pauses indicating a shift. The speaker is
usually unaware of the switch, until after the fact, and is seen mostly in the
Hispanic communities of the United States (Lipski, 1985, p. 5).
The
first type of language switching is known as mechanical switching. It occurs
unconsciously, and fills in unknown or unavailable terms in one language. This
type of code-switching is also known as code-mixing. Codemixing occurs when a
speaker is momentarily unable to remember a term, but is able to recall it in a
different language.
Another
type of code switching, known as code-changing, is characterized by fluent
intrasentential shifts, transferring focus from one language to another. It is
motivated by situational and stylistic factors, and the conscious nature of the
switch between two languages is emphasized (Lipski, 1985, p. 12).
C.
Function
Communicative functions:
Gumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the
discourse function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function
of language. A speaker plays upon the connotation of the we-code to
create a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential
function of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual
unity.
Halliday (1975) on the other hand, views code switching as
fulfilling the interpersonal function of
communication. Here the mixed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In
other words, it is the use of language to act as a mediator between self and
participants in the communicative event.
Such communicative functions of code switching can also be listed
according to the functions that they try to accomplish. Among these, the
following ten functions have been described in the professional literature
(Malik, 1994):
1.
Lack of Facility
2.
Lack of Register
3.
Mood of the Speaker
4.
To emphasize a point
5.
Habitual Experience
6.
Semantic significance
7.
To show identity with a group
8.
To address a different audience
9.
Pragmatic reasons
10.
To attract attention.
Sources:
Daemen.edu
Nhlrc.ucla.edu
Originalresearch.blog.uns.ac.id
Sociolinguistics.uottawa.ca
